Edwardian War
(1337-1360)
"In 1337, Philip VI revoked Edward III's ownership of Gascony and began
raiding the 
English coast.
In response, Edward reasserted his claims to
the French throne and began forming alliances with the nobles of
Flanders and the Low Countries.
In 1340, he won a decisive naval
victory at Sluys
which gave England control of the Channel for the duration of the war.
Six years later, Edward landed on the Cotentin Peninsula with an army
and captured Caen. Advancing north, he crushed the French at the Battle of Crécy and captured Calais.
With the passing of the Black Death, England resumed the offensive in 1356 and defeated the French at Poitiers.
Fighting ended with the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 which saw Edward gain substantial territory."
ThoughtCo.
Phase II
Caroline War
(1369-1389)
This coincided
with the rise of Bertrand du Guesclin who began to oversee the new
French campaigns. Utilizing Fabian tactics,
he recovered large amounts of territory while avoiding pitched battles
with the English.
In 1377, Edward opened peace negotiations, but died
before they were concluded. He was followed by Charles in 1380.
As
both were replaced by underage rulers in Richard II and Charles VI,
England and France agreed to peace in 1389 through the Treaty of
Leulinghem."
ThoughtCo.
Phase III (a)
Lancastrian War
(1415-1429)
"The years after the peace saw turmoil in both countries as Richard II was deposed by 
Henry IV
in 1399 and Charles VI was plagued by mental illness.
While Henry
desired to mount campaigns in France, issues with Scotland and Wales
prevented him from moving forward.
The war was renewed by his son Henry V
in 1415 when an English army landed and captured Harfleur. As it was
too late in the year to march on Paris, he moved towards Calais and won
crushing victory at the Battle of Agincourt.
Over the next four years, he captured Normandy and much of
northern France. Meeting with Charles in 1420, Henry agreed to the
Treaty of Troyes by which he agreed to marry the French king's daughter
and have his heirs inherit the French throne."
ThoughtCo.
Phase III (b)
Slow Decline of English fortunes/Joan of Arc (1429-1453)
In 1428, Henry VI, who had taken
throne on his father's death six years earlier, directed his forces to
lay siege to Orléans.
Though the English were gaining the upper hand in the siege, they
were defeated in 1429 after the arrival of Joan of Arc. Claiming to be
chosen by God to lead the French, she led forces to a series of
victories in the Loire Valley including at Patay.
Joan's efforts allowed Charles VII to be crowned at Reims in July.
After her capture and execution the following year, the French advance
slowed.
Gradually pushing the English back, the French captured Rouen in 1449
and a year later defeated them at Formigny.
English efforts to sustain
the war were hampered by Henry VI's bouts of insanity along 
with a power
struggle between the Duke of York and Earl of Somerset.
In 1451,
Charles VII captured Bordeaux and Bayonne.
Forced to act, Henry
dispatched an army to the region but it was defeated at Castillon
in 1453.
With this defeat, Henry was compelled to abandon the war in
order to deal with issues in England which would ultimately result in
the Wars of the Roses.
The Hundred Years' War saw English territory on the Continent reduced
to the Pale of Calais, while France moved toward being a united and
centralized state."
ThoughtCo.
JOAN of ARC
"Jehanne – the name given to her by her parents, Jaques d’Arc and Isabelle Romee, peasant farmers from the village of Domremy –waving her flag of Jesus and Mary, and yelling at the
English: “Go home to your families, and God bless you!”
While Joan of Arc took an arrow to the chest; miraculously survived a
fall from a great height and was injured a few other times on the
battlefield, she never purposely engaged in physical combat during her
heroic stint in the One Hundred Years War between France and England.
The English claimed many offenses against Joan of Arc.
But when they burned her at the stake in Rouen, France on May 30, 1431,
they not only immortalized the 19-year-old, but made her a national
symbol for the French cause during the long-fought Hundred Years’ War. Convincing Charles to let her fight—and dressed as a man—Joan led the
liberation of Orleans, triumphed with other victories against the
English, and soon Charles VII was crowned. But a series of missteps,
including her failure to liberate Paris followed, and on May 23, 1430,
she was captured by the Duke of Burgundy’s men, jailed for more than a
year and put on trial for charges including heresy, witchcraft and
violating divine law for dressing like a man. "
Aleteia/History
KINGS of ENGLAND
Edward III (1237-1377)
 |
| Edward III |
Richard II (1377-1399)
Henry IV (1399-1413)
Henry V (1413-1422)
Henry VI (1422-1461)
KINGS of FRANCE
Philip VI (1328-1350)
 |
| Philip VI |
John II (1350-1364)
Charles V (1364-1380)
Charles VI (1380-1422)
Charles VII (1422-1461)
DUKES of BURGUNDY
 |
| Philip the Good |
John the Fearless (1404-1419)
Philip the Good (1419-1467)
COUNTS of FLANDERS
 |
| Margaret III |
Louis II (1346-1384)
Margaret III (1384-1405)
John (1405-1419)
Philip III (1419-1467)
The Western Schism (1378-1417)
FranceClement VII (1378-1394)
Benedict XIII (1394-1423)
Roman Popes
EnglandUrban VI (1378-1389)
Boniface IX (1389-1404)
Innocent VII (1404-1406)
Gregory XII (1406-1415)
Pisan Popes (antipopes)
France EnglandAlexander V (1409-1410)
John XXIII (1410-1415)
Pirate Jeanne de Clisson,
The Lioness of Brittany and Her Black Fleet
inBelleville-sur-Vie, on the western coast of France. She was called “one of the most beautiful women of her day” and married nineteen-year-old Geoffrey de Châteaubriant when she was only twelve.
Four years later, Jeanne married Olivier de Clisson.
When the War of Breton Succession started, Olivier chose to back his childhood friend Charles de Blois. It is not clear to historians what exactly transpired between the two friends, but Charles de Blois became convinced that de Clisson was a traitor who supported the English claim to the duchy.....the French king invited Olivier and his followers to his lands with the pretense of celebrating a tournament. As soon as they arrived, they were arrested and tried as traitors to France. Olivier was convicted and sentenced to death, his head was later put on a pike and sent back to Brittany’s capital, Nantes.
When Jeanne de Clisson found out about the fate of her husband she took her children to Nantes to see the severed head of their father. She wanted revenge and her children
would follow her..... she wanted the French out of Brittany. Her war began on land, and it was a bloody one. ......she was known for leaving only one or two survivors to tell the tale, France had to know that it was her who killed their people.
Soon enough, she turned her fight from land to the sea. With the money she had left, she bought three ships and continued her fight against the French. The change in scenarios did not alter her methods, she was just as bloody and violent at sea as she was on land. She was now known as the Lioness of Brittany and her fleet was the Black Fleet. According to the legends, she painted the ships black and dyed the sails red, for people to see her coming and know the fate that awaited them. She sailed up and down the English Channel attacking every French ship on sight, and she became a feared pirate all over Europe.
It was reported that she took particular joy in hunting down and
capturing the ships of French noblemen as long as they were aboard,
personally beheading the aristocrats with an axe, tossing their lifeless
bodies overboard.
In time her luck ran out, during a storm at sea
with her flagship sinking, she and her boys adrift in a small boat for
about five days where her son Guillaume died. Jeanne and her son Oliver
were finally rescued making their way to Hennebont, the fortified port
on the Blavet river and in due course later to exile in England.
After an estimated thirteen year career as a pirate she decided to end her fight and married into the English court of Edward III. Jeanne settled in one of the castles that king Edward had given to Walter Bentley: Hennebont."
Gilles de Rais
He is best known for his reputation
and later conviction as a confessed serial killer of children."
wiki
Chevauchée
"The chevauchée was a particularly destructive kind of military raid prominent during The Hundred Years War.
Rather than besieging a castle or conquering the land, soldiers on a
chevauchée aimed to create as much destruction, carnage and chaos as
possible to both break the morale of enemy peasants and deny their
rulers income and resources. Consequently, they would burn crops and
buildings, kill the population and steal anything valuable before enemy
forces could challenge them, often systematically laying regions to
waste and causing great starvation.
Edward III took the chevauchée to the continent when he warred with
the French crown in 1399, shocking his rivals for his brutality.
However, Edward was being careful: chevauchées were cheaper to organize
than sieges, needing far fewer resources and not tying you down, and far
less risky than open battle, as the people you were fighting/killing
were poorly armed, not armored and proved little threat. You needed a
smaller force if you weren’t trying to win an open battle, or blockade a
town. In addition, while you saved money it was costing your enemy, as
their resources were being eaten away."
ThoughtCo.
Jeanne The Flame [Joanna of Flanders]
"Claim to fame: A heroic woman who spent much of her life defending
the Dukedom of 
Brittany for her husband and son before becoming mentally
ill and ending her days in confinement.
Joanna’s husband, John de Monfort, had claimed the title of Duke of
Brittany but was contested by Joan of Penthièvre and her
husband, Charles of Blois. King Philip VI of France imprisoned John de
Montfort and declared Charles and Joan the successful claimants.
Joanna’s most famous exploit was her defence of the besieged town of
Hennebont. Armed and dressed in armor, she encouraged the people to
fight and the women to “cut their skirts and take their safety in their
own hands”. She broke out from Hennebont with 300 horseman, burned down
Charles’ supplies and tents (hence the nickname “Jeanne la Flamme”) and
successfully fought her way to Brest. She returned with 600 additional
men, reinforcing the town and eventually forcing Charles to retreat.
In
her later life, the war entered a stalemate and Joanna developed an
unknown mental illness. She lived to see the final victory of her cause
but spent her later years confined in an English castle."
tumblr
Château Gaillard
"Originally called "the Castle of the Rock," Chateau Gaillard, "Saucy Castle," was the strongest castle of its age.
....a medieval castle ruin overlooking the River Seine above the commune of Les Andelys, in the French department of Eure, in Normandy. 
Richard had been thinking throughout the first half of 1196 of ways to get a decisive strategic advantage over Philip.... idea was to begin construction of a new castle on the Seine that would
serve as a base camp for a concerted campaign to reconquer the remaining
fortresses in the Vexin. The castle itself would be built upon the Rock
of Andeli, a towering cliff overlooking the river.
He faced two political problems in regard to the site
selection. First, the Treaty of Louviers 
signed in January 1196 by
Philip and Richard forbade either one to fortify the site. Richard
simply ignored this. Second, the Manor of Andeli was owned by Archbishop
Walter of Rouen, one of Richard’s Anglo-Norman friends and supporters.
Despite their friendship, the archbishop declined to give the land to
Richard. The reason the archbishop refused the request was that he had
established a tollhouse on an island in the river to collect dues from
boats carrying cargo up and down the river. Because his archbishopric
had suffered a decline in revenue as a result of the ongoing war, the
archbishop badly needed the tolls derived from the river commerce.
"Bodiam Castle is a 14th-century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex,
England. There was a small fortification on the site before the Norman conquest. After the Normans took over, the land passed to the Bodeham family, who lived there for nearly three centuries, strengthening and expanding the structure. 
"A plague doctor was a physician who treated victims of bubonic plague during epidemics. These physicians were hired by cities to treat infected patients regardless of income, especially the poor that could not afford to pay. 
"Newly published research in the medical journal Nature reveals the ancient dead had a secret. DNA samples from victims and survivors of the bacterium Yersinia pestis, also known as the bubonic plague, had distinct genetic differences that helped some survive while others succumbed to death. 
"On 15 August 1369, Philippa died at Windsor Castle from an illness
resembling dropsy. On her death bed she said to Edward III:
Richard began construction of Chateau Gaillard despite
the archbishop’s objectives. The archbishop subsequently departed for
Rome to make a personal appeal to the Pope Celestine III. Before setting
out on his journey, the archbishop placed an interdict banning all
church services in the Duchy of Normandy as retaliation against
Richard’s occupation of the manor.
The work on Chateau Gaillard was completed in just two years. Eight monumental 
towers, machicolations (i.e., openings from
which missiles could be hurled or shot at attackers below), and
battlemented walls surround a courtyard the walls of which are 20 feet thick.
Richard
oversaw the process, and he allowed nothing to interrupt or delay it.
The total cost of the project was 21,203 pounds sterling, and it
amounted to three times what Richard spent on improvements to all of the
castles in England during his reign. After Chateau Gaillard was completed in 1198, Richard immediately set
out to capture Philip’s remaining strongholds in the Vexin. He captured
Vernon, Neufmarche, Gamaches, Courcelles, Boury, Serifontaine, and
Dangu.
In 1204 Philip II of France captured Château Gaillard after a siege
of eight months. After isolating the fort by a double ditch, the French
undermined and collapsed part of the châtelet and penetrated the main
fortress through the latrines.
During the Hundred Years’ War....The castle changed hands several times but in 1449 the French king captured Château Gaillard from the English
king definitively, and from then on it remained in French ownership.
Henry IV of France ordered the demolition of Château Gaillard in 1599;..."
WarfareHistory/HeritageDaily/EncyclopediaBritannica/ThoughtCo.
Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
"The Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War was a conflict between two cadet branches of the 
French royal family — the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction) from 1407 to 1435. It began during a lull in the Hundred Years' War against the English and overlapped with the Western Schism of the papacy.
The leaders of both parties were closely related to the French king through the male line. For this reason, they were called "princes of the blood",....
The Orléans branch of the family, also referred to as House of Valois-Orléans, stemmed from Louis I, Duke of Orléans, younger son of King Charles V of France (r. 1364-1380). The House of Valois-Burgundy originated from Charles V's youngest brother, Philip the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy.
The war's causes were rooted in the reign of Charles VI of France
(Charles V's eldest son and successor) and a confrontation between two
different economic, social and religious systems.
---On the one hand was France, very strong in agriculture, with a strong feudal and religious system, and on the other was England, a country whose rainy climate favored pasture and sheep farming and where artisans, the middle classes and cities were important.
---The Burgundians were in favor of the English model (the more so since the County of Flanders, whose cloth merchants were the main market for English wool, belonged to the Duke of Burgundy),
---while the Armagnacs defended the French model.
--- In the same way, the Western Schism induced the election of an Armagnac-backed antipope based at Avignon, Pope Clement VII, opposed by the English-backed pope of Rome, Pope Urban VI.
---The assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans took place on November 23, 1407 in 
Paris, France. On November 23, 1407, the Duke of Orleans went to visit Queen
Isabeau, who had given birth a little earlier, at the Hôtel Barbette on
the Rue Vieille-du-Temple, in Paris. Thomas de Courteheuse informed him that King Charles VI awaited his urgent presence at the Hôtel Saint-Paul.
Upon his departure, he was stabbed by about fifteen masked thugs led by Raoulet d'Anquetonville, who was a henchman of the Duke of Burgundy. The valets and guards that escorted him were unable to protect him. An esquire named Jacob was killed trying to protect the Duke. The Duke's hand was cut off and his skull split by an axe.
---In 1413, John the Fearless supported the Cabochien Revolt that brought about a slaughter in Paris. The Parisian population, terrified, called on the Armagnacs for aid.
---On May 29, 1418, thanks to the treason of a certain Perrinet Leclerc and
the support of the craftsmen and university, Paris was delivered to Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam,
captain of a troop favoring the duke of Burgundy. On the following 12
June, Bernard VII and other Armagnacs were slaughtered by a mob. John
thus became master of Paris once again, and so he entered into
negotiations with the English in which he seemed willing to welcome the king of England's claim on the French throne.
---However, having set the precedent for assassinations, on 10 September 1419, John himself was murdered on the bridge at Montereau-Fault-Yonne,
whilst in the town for an interview with Charles. Both sides agreed to
meet on the bridge. Charles's men accused the Burgundians of not keeping
their promise to break off their alliances with the English. They, on
high alert because they had heard that Jean intended to kidnap or attack
the dauphin, reacted swiftly when the Lord of Navailles raised his
sword. In the ensuing scuffle, the duke was killed
Charles VII wished to isolate the English from the Burgundians. In 1435, he concluded the treaty of Arras with Philip the Good, ending the civil war."
wiki
Bodiam Castle
England. There was a small fortification on the site before the Norman conquest. After the Normans took over, the land passed to the Bodeham family, who lived there for nearly three centuries, strengthening and expanding the structure.
Dalyngrigge had fought in the Hundred Years War, and upon returning to England in 1377 married Elizabeth Wardeux, through whom he came into possession of Bodiam Manor.
It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. One of the most attractive parts of the castle had to be the moat,
however, whilst this moat 
looked beautiful, it acted as a sewage system
for some 30 different toilets that were found throughout the castle,
perhaps not smelling as great as it looked!
Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of
Dalyngrigges, until their line became extinct, when the castle passed by
marriage to the Lewknor family. The castle was subsequently dismantled until its purchase by John Fuller in 1829. ...was also allowed to fall into ruin, until a succession of owners in the
19th and 20th centuries, notably Lord Curzon who purchased the site in
1926, eventually restored Bodiam Castle to its current state."
wiki/HistoryOfBodiamCastle
JOHN WYCLIFF-Lollards
"At Oxford in the 1370s, Wycliffe came to advocate increasingly radical religious views.
Claiming that the office of the papacy lacked scriptural justification, he equated the pope with Antichrist and welcomed the 14th-century schism in the papacy as a prelude to its destruction.
The first Lollard group centered (c. 1382) on some of Wycliffe’s colleagues at Oxford....The sect continued to multiply, however, among townspeople, merchants, gentry, and even the lower clergy.
The Lollards’ first martyr, William Sawtrey,...In 1414 a Lollard rising led by Sir John Oldcastle was quickly defeated by Henry V.
---Lollard teaching appeared in the Twelve Conclusions....Lollards petitioned Parliament with The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards by posting them on the doors of Westminster Hall in February 1395.
They began by stating that the church in England had become subservient
to her “stepmother the great church of Rome.”
---The present priesthood was
not the one ordained
by Christ, while the Roman ritual of ordination had no warrant in
Scripture.
---Clerical celibacy occasioned unnatural lust,
---while the
“feigned miracle” of transubstantiation led men into idolatry.
---The
hallowing of wine, bread, altars, vestments, and so forth was related to
necromancy.
---Prelates should not be temporal judges and rulers, for no
man can serve two masters.
---also condemned
special prayers for the dead, pilgrimages, and offerings to images,
---and
they declared confession to a priest unnecessary for salvation.
---Warfare
was contrary to the New Testament,
---and vows of chastity
by nuns led to the horrors of abortion and child murder.
---Finally, the
multitude of unnecessary arts and crafts pursued in the church
encouraged “waste, curiosity, and disguising.”
The Twelve Conclusions
covered all the main Lollard doctrines except two: that the prime duty
of priests is to preach and that all men should have free access to the
Scriptures in their own language.
The most important Lollards were a group of knights who were part of the
king's court. These included Sir William Neville, Sir John Montague and
Sir William Beachamp, with sympathetic support and active protection
from the Black Prince and John of Gaunt (at least from 1371 to 1382),
which reflected traditional noble anti-clericalism."
EncyclopediaBritannica/wiki
Plague Doctor
"A plague doctor was a physician who treated victims of bubonic plague during epidemics. These physicians were hired by cities to treat infected patients regardless of income, especially the poor that could not afford to pay.
Plague doctors rarely cured patients; instead serving to record death
tolls and the number of infected people for demographic purposes.
Some plague doctors wore a special costume consisting of an ankle-length
overcoat and a bird-like beak mask, often filled with sweet or
strong-smelling substances (commonly lavender), along with gloves, boots, a wide-brimmed hat, and an outer over-clothing garment."
wiki
Genetic Aftermath of Black Plague
Those genetic differences likely altered the human
genome, as survivors of the plague passed on genes that once helped them
survive the awful plague pathogen to offspring and are now linked to a
greater chance of autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's and rheumatoid
arthritis today.
"We are the descendants of those that survived past pandemics … and understanding the mechanisms that contributed to our survival is not only important from a scientific viewpoint, but can also inform on the mechanisms and genetic determinants of present-day susceptibility to disease," study coauthor Luis Barreiro, a professor of genetic medicine at the University of Chicago, told CNN via email.
In
the study, Barreiro and other researchers found that Black Death
survivors in London and Denmark had genes that protected them against
the plague pathogen. They found one particular gene, known as ERAP 2,
was found to be protective against the virus. Before the plague, 40% of
Londoners had the gene -- after the epidemic, 50%. The same was for
Denmark. About 40% had the gene before the plague, while 70% had it
afterward.
But
the gene came at a considerable cost for those who survived the Black
Death as it increased future generations' risks of autoimmune diseases.
"This suggests that populations that survived the Black Death paid a price, which is to have an immune system that increases our susceptibility to react against ourselves," Barreiro said.
The
results highlight natural selection to present-day and how the Black
Death altered more than society but the human immune system.
*Barreiro
doesn't believe Covid will have the same impact because it doesn't kill
across the age spectrum and primarily kills the elderly who aren't
procreating."
ZeroHedge
Château de la Mothe-Chandeniers
"The Château de la Mothe-Chandeniers is a castle in the commune of Les Trois-Moutiers 
in the Vienne department of France....originally called Motte Bauçay (or Baussay).
The castle is a former stronghold of the Bauçay family, lords of Loudun.
The family members were nobles with close ties to the throne and reported directly to the French king himself.
The Motte Baussay was taken several times by the English during the Hundred Years' War.
Over 13,000 strangers have recently banded together to
save the fairytale home—which features turrets, towers, and a sizable
moat—from decay and destruction.
A crowdfunding campaign
running on the French site Dartagnans has raised more than $1.3 million to date for the structure’s preservation, with
every contributor becoming a part owner of the historic home."
wiki/ati
The Topless Mistress
"Agnès Sorel took the French court by storm when King Charles VII
declared he was going to leave his pregnant wife for her in 1444.
Charles VII granted her with the title maîtresse-en-titre. With the title, Agnès became the first officially recognized royal mistress with all the privileges of courtly life.
The maîtresse was known for her ample bosom and took an
if-you’ve-got-it-flaunt-it 
approach to her assets.
---Breast-baring female fashions have been traced to 15th-century courtesan
Agnès Sorel, mistress to Charles VII of France, whose gowns in the
French court sometimes exposed one or both of her breasts.
Two centuries earlier, King Louis IX
had passed an act that prohibited the wearing of diamonds by anyone but
the king. Agnès stunned the court when she sauntered in with the
forbidden jewels prominently displayed.
---Painter Jean Fouquet was so inspired by Agnès’s grand tetons that he used her as a model for his painting, The Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels (c.
1450). Agnès, as the Virgin Mary, sits crowned on a throne, dressed in
the iconic blue, an ermine cape around her shoulders and her bodice
opened to reveal one milk-white breast the size of the infant Lord’s
head.
---Pregnant with their fourth child, Agnès died at the age of 28 in 1450
while on her way to visit Charles VII. When Charles VII received news of
the death of his unborn son and mistress, he was told that she had
contracted dysentery....in 2005, Agnès’s body was exhumed. Forensic scientists determined that the true cause of death was mercury poisoning.
---Some theorise that the poisoning was planned by Charles VII’s son, the
future King Louis XI, who was already in open rebellion against his
father. Louis XI, unhappy with Agnès’s ability to influence his father’s
political decisions, might have also worried that a new male heir would
threaten his position in the line of succession. Louis,
the Dauphin of France and the king's son and heir, wrote: “All the
women of France and Burgundy lost much in modesty in wanting to follow
the example of this woman.” "
CultureTrip/KnowledgeGuild
Deathbed scene of Queen Philippa
“We have, my husband, enjoyed our long union in peace and happiness, but
before we are forever parted in this world, I entreat you will grant me
three requests.” “Lady, name them,” answered Edward, “they shall be
granted.”
“My lord, I beg you will pay all the
merchants I have engaged for their wares; I beseech you to fulfill any
gifts or legacies I have made to churches and my servants; and when it
shall please God to call you hence, that you will lie by my side in the
cloisters of Westminster Abbey.”
As she passed, the king was in tears.
“Lady,” he said, “all this shall be done.”
She was buried at Westminster Abbey, and when Edward died 8 years later, he was interred by her side."
KyraCorneliusKramer
The Routiers
"A free company was a late medieval army of mercenaries acting independently of any 
government, and thus "free". They regularly made a living by plunder when they were not employed; in France they were the routiers and écorcheurs who operated outside the highly-structured law of arms.
The term "free company" is most applied to those companies of soldiers which formed after the Peace of Brétigny during the Hundred Years' War who terrorized the French countryside during the Hundred Years' War.
The routiers' history can be traced back to a few years after the start
of the Hundred Years' War, to Brittany in the early 1340s. No revenue
was being generated from the revenues of the Duchy of Brittany for the
English army, which meant that the English soldiers had to live off the
land. This “living off the land” began as simple freebooting, but
quickly transformed into patis, or “ransoms of the country”.
John Hawkwood is the most famous of the English routiers."
Frandom/wiki
Saint Sauveur-le-Vicomte Castle
"Saint Sauveur-le-Vicomte Castle is a partially-ruined 11th century French fortress in Normandy, France. 
Saint Sauveur-le-Vicomte Castle was built by Godefroy d’Harcourt, Baron
of St. Sauveur, as a fortified enceinte, consisting of wall towers and
curtain walls that enclosed the massive keep.
The castle was besieged
twice during the Hundred Years’ War: During the conflict, the castle’s owner Godefroy conspired against the
King of Valois to support the English King Edward III.
When he died, he
left his lands and the castle to Edward, after which the castle was
occupied by the English for 19 years. It was retaken by the French in
1450."
PeteStamper
FALSE PROPHET of the Hundred Years War:
John of Rupescissa
"Jean de Roquetaillade, also known as John of Rupescissa, (ca. 1310 – between 1366 and 1370)....
The Franciscan alchemist John of Rupescissa was to complicate the story
further with 
---his declaration of Antichrists to come from both East and
West, ---and his declaration of an angelic pope as counterpoint to the idea
of the papal Antichrist.
---For John, the angelic pope and the Last World
Emperor would unite to restore the world shortly before its end.
In 1356, John of Rupescissa warned in his prophetic treatise, the
Vade mecum in tribulatione,
that within just a few short years, Antichrist would appear among
Christians, ushering in a terrifying climax of human history:
Before
we come to the year 1365, there will appear publicly an eastern
Antichrist whose disciples will preach in parts of Jerusalem with false
signs and portents to bring about the seduction of all with error . . .
in the five years between 1360 and 1365, destructions will abound beyond
all human estimation: tempests never before seen from the sky, floods
of water unheard..."CambridgeCore/LeahDeVun/BruceMoran/wiki
Wool, Wine & War: Flanders
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England depended upon this trade for its foreign exchange. During
the 1200's, the upper-class English had adopted Norman fashions and
switched from beer to wine.
The problem was that England could not grow grapes to produce the wine
that many of the English now favored and had to import it. A triangular
trade arose in which English fleece was 
exchanged for Flemish cloth,
which was then taken to southern France and exchanged for wine, which
was then shipped into England.
But the counts of Flanders had been vassals of the king of France, and
the French tried to regain control of the region in order to control
its wealth. The English could not permit this, since it would mean that
the French monarch would control their main source of foreign exchange.
A civil war soon broke out in Flanders,
---with the English supporting the
manufacturing middle class
---and the French supporting the land-owning
nobility.
War broke out in earnest in 1340."
Medieval Lecture /Front End Loader
Gravensteen Castle: The "Castle of the Count"
"Gravensteen Castle (Dutch:
Gravensteen, literally: "castle of the count") is a medieval
castle in Ghent,
Belgium. It is the only medieval castle in Flanders, defensive system of which
has remained virtually untouched to this day. The present castle was built in 1180 by Count
Philip of Alsace. The castle served as the seat of the Counts of
Flanders until 14th century when they moved back out of the castle and lived
in the Prince's in Ghent.
However, the castle has retained its administrative
function in the county Flanders. In 1353, the castle was used as the Ghent mint."
Great Castles of Europe
Queen of England Begs to Spare
French Prisoners of Calais
Though the burghers expected to be executed, their lives were spared by the intervention of England's Queen, Philippa of Hainault, who persuaded her husband to exercise mercy by claiming that their deaths would be a bad omen for her unborn child."
wiki
A Drunken Battle
"The Ghent army beat a drunken one from the nearby town of Bruges on 3 May 1382, on a field between Bruges and Ghent. Count Louis II of Flanders, their lord, had blockaded the Gent-Oostende
canal, the route their goods traveled to the sea. At the same time,
Bruges, which was between Ghent and Oostende, was happy to support the
Count.
Ghent had no option but to fight Bruges for access to the sea.
Their
chosen day was the day Bruges was celebrating the Procession of the
Holy Blood, a religious holiday in Bruges.
---This meant that the Bruges
army arrived in the battlefield having been in the many inns and taverns
of the city, and then, it is claimed, that on their way to the
battlefield they stopped for a few more, to give themselves that bit
more courage.
The Ghent men, being collected in a body on an eminence, fired at once
three hundred cannon; after which they turned the marsh, and placed the
Bruges men with the sun in their eyes, which much distressed them, and
then fell upon them, shouting out, "Ghent!" The moment the men of
Bruges heard the cannon and the cry of Ghent, and saw them marching to
attack them in front, they, like cowards, opened their ranks, and
letting the Ghent men pass without making any defense, flung down their
staves and ran away. The Ghent men were in close order, and,
perceiving their enemies were defeated, began to knock down and kill on
all sides. They advanced with a quick step, shouting, "Ghent!"
***However, this battle
isn’t remembered as a victory over Bruges’ drunken soldiers, it wouldn’t
have looked good in history books, no, it has been recorded as one of
the first battles in which gunpowder, as a weapon, played a major part."
wiki/SteveMuhlberger
Knights of the Hare
"On 23 October 1339, both armies were formed in sight of each other in the fields between
La Flamengerie and Buironfosse,when a hare, caught in the field between them, started running towards
the French lines.
The French troops greeted the approaching hare with a
lot of noise.
Some troops at the rear of the French formation mistook
the noise as a sign of an imminent English attack and prepared for
battle.
As a preparation for the battle the William II, Count of Hainaut quickly knighted 14 distinguished squires as was the common chivalric custom.
However the English attack never came and, after the reason for that became clear, those knights became known as the Knights of the Hare."
wiki
Charles the Bad Burned to Death-by Accident (Divine Justice?)
"Charles, nicknamed “The Bad” for his cruel repression of a minor
rebellion in Navarre, 
was born on October 10th, 1332, in Évreux, France
to Joan of France, queen of Navarre, and Philip, Count of Évreux.....the constable Charles of Spain, who was to be a beneficiary of the
fiefdoms of Champagne, Brie, and Angoulême, was brutally murdered and
Charles of Navarre didn’t keep secret about his role in the
assassination but calmly accepted the responsibility.
When Charles realized that King John was preparing to seize him, he
traveled to Avignon to complain to the Pope. There, he met Henry, the
Duke of Lancaster and promised him support for a joint campaign against
the French. Charles changed sides in 1355, making peace with
King John.
---April 15th, 1356, John II finally took his revenge. Together with a
group of supporters, he arrested Charles of Navarre. Later, John II was
defeated and captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in
September 1356, and next year Charles was sprung from his prison in the
castle of Arleux, gaining immediate popularity in Amiens and Paris
and beginning a series of treacherous dealings with every party in
France.
He was subsequently involved in at least two attempts to have Charles V (John II’s son) poisoned.
---Charles died on the 1st January 1387, and his particularly horrific
death became famous throughout Europe mostly because it was considered
by many as a divine justice. When Charles became ill, his physician
ordered to be wrapped head-to-toe in brandy-soaked cloths.
When the nurse finished the wrapping, she wanted to cut off the excess
fabric, but she didn’t want to use scissors since she was afraid that
she might hurt the king and used a candle to burn off the end, which
immediately set fire to the whole cloth. The king burned to death."
VintageNews
Queen of England Charged with Witchcraft
"In 1419 Joan of Navarre, now widow of King Henry IV of England, was
accused of necromancy: ‘of compassing the destruction of our lord the
king in the most treasonable and horrible manner that could be
devised.’ 
In fact, that by sorcery and necromancy, she had attempted to
destroy King Henry V. The accuser was her father confessor, John Randolf, a Franciscan friar,
and two others of her household, Roger Colles and Peronell Brocart. Conveniently for Henry, this gave him a reason to confiscate Joan’s property and cut the amount he was paying her. Father Randolf was said to be the one who had lured the Queen Dowager into witchcraft.
---Joan would have waited for her trial with severe
trepidation. The penalty for witchcraft could be dire, and against a
king it would be treason. The outcome, if she was found guilty, might
well have been death by burning.
It was used as evidence against her that her father, King Charles ‘the
Bad’ of Navarre, had a reputation that included the use of necromancy
amongst a range of sins from poison to murder. Like father, like
daughter.
Henry V’s finances had been severely depleted through his military
campaigns in France. Meanwhile, Joan was immensely wealthy, and this
inspired Henry to demand his stepmother’s arrest for witchcraft in 1419.
---Joan was arrested from her manor at Havering atte Bower in Essex
and taken under guard to the royal manor at Rotherhythe in Surrey.
For the next three years Joan was kept prisoner at Rotherhythe, at
Pevensey Castle and latterly at her own previous dower property of Leeds
Castle. Her possessions were confiscated, her dower lands and income
appropriated and the servants of her household dismissed. She was
placed under the guardianship of Sir John Pelham, owner of Pevensey
Castle.
---Joan was given a substantial allowance, a household her own with a
considerable array of servants and her own treasurer, a clerk called
Thomas Lilbourne, who spent the money in her allowance as she directed
and for her own comfort. She purchased clothing, food and wine, silver
cups, medicinal items.... A household of servants
was restored to her. She was allowed to ride out in the close vicinity
on Sir John Pelham’s horses. |
| Nottingham Castle |
---Joan’s confessor John Randolf was never put on trial. Nor was he
punished for his role in the necromancy. He died in 1429 in a prison
brawl, it is said with a mad priest.
---Joan was finally released on the orders of Henry V in the weeks
before his death, when he knew that he was dying, in August 1422.
Her
dowry and possessions were restored to her.
Henry’s words are
interesting:
‘We, doubting lest it should be a charge unto our conscience for
to occupy for longer the said Dowager in this wise, the which charge we
be avised no longer to be on our conscience…’
Joan lived out her life in England,.......she lived in Nottingham Castle.... The four windmills at
Brewhouse Yard, Sparrow, Donne, Dosse and Gloff were named by her.....her death was in July 1437 at the age of 69 years."
AnneO'Brien/EnglishHeritage/NottinghamCastle
Despenser's Crusade
May 17th, 1383, the vanguard of an English army disembarked at Calais. ....the crusade of Henry Despenser, bishop of Norwich, was an English
military expedition to Flanders was part of the
Hundred Years’ War.
The expedition was
dignified as a crusade by the Roman pope, Urban VI, as it was directed
against the schismatic French, who recognized the rival Avi- gnonese
papacy of Clement VII.
Money-raising measures attached to this “crusade,” notably the sale of
indulgences that went with it, attracted critical comment from
contemporaries, especially the reformer John Wyclif. ... its participants were crusaders who had taken the cross to fight for a year in return for the remission of their sins.
The crusade enjoyed early success; landing at Calais in May
1383, Despenser captured Dunkirk and the
Flemish coast, and joined forces with the Ghent rebels in early June.
They persuaded the bishop to march on Ypres....At Ypres the problem of the unpaid "volunteers" was
exacerbated under siege conditions. In June Despenser ordered "all who
are not in receipt of official wages" to return to England. These undisciplined elements had only joined the host for the opportunity of plunder.
From
Flanders, some of the captains wrote to the king that the campaign was
falling apart "for lack of a lieutenant and of the good government of
[the bishop]."
According to the transcript of the bishop's later trial, the king negotiated for Arundel to gather a group of men-at-arms and archers
and go to Flanders, but the "ambiguously written" letters of Despenser,
and reports of speeches he had made, indicated that he would not accept
a lieutenant.
The siege was abandoned in August,
when news arrived that Philip of Burgundy’s army was approaching. At
this point the men of Ghent abandoned Despenser in disgust. The English
had no choice but to retreat to the coast, sacking the port of
Gravelines as they did so.
Despenser returned from this ignominious
failure to face impeachment and the confiscation of his temporalities
for two years.
The captains of the crusade were asked to answer allegations of receiving bribes totalling 18,000 gold francs.
The leaders did not deny the allegations, but argued that because they
had been forced to leave behind valuable horses the money was
compensation. The treasurer, Foulmere, and five of the captains
(notably, not Calveley) were imprisoned."
Erenow /HistoryToday/wikimili
Peasants Revolt of 1381 [England]
The rebellion's leaders included Wat Tyler and they
wanted massive social changes which included a removal of the poll tax,
an end to the cap on labor wages
and the total abolition of serfdom.
The revolt began in the south-east of England and then spread to London
and elsewhere. Although desiring social change, the rebels did not want
to remove King Richard II of England
(r. 1377-1399).
Their anger was aimed instead at his advisors – Simon Sudbury, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, whom they believed to be corrupt.
---As the peasants moved on to London, they destroyed tax records and
registers, and removed the heads from several tax officials who objected
to them doing so. Buildings which housed government records were burned
down.
It lasted only four weeks and was put down by Richard,
first by negotiation and then through ruthless persecution of the
ringleaders.
Richard met Wat Tyler and his hardcore of Kentish rebels again, this time at Smithfield....At this tense and highly charged meeting the Lord Mayor, apparently
angered by Wat Tyler’s arrogant attitude to the king and his even more
radical demands, drew his 
dagger and slashed at Tyler. Badly injured
with a knife wound in his neck, Tyler was taken to nearby St
Bartholomew’s Hospital.
It is not exactly clear how the king talked his way out this little
predicament with the massed crowd of rebels surrounding him, but it must
have been good. One account records that the king addressed them with
the cry, ‘I am your king, I will be your leader. Follow me into the
fields’.
Whatever the king said or promised, it must have been sounded very
convincing, as it resulted in the revolting peasants dispersing and
returning home! But what of the fate of Wat Tyler? Well, he certainly
didn’t receive the five-star treatment that he could expect today from
St Bart’s! Thanks to Walworth’s orders, the knife wound in Tyler’s neck
was extended, which had the effect of removing his head just a few
inches above the shoulders!
More than 60,000 people are reported to have been involved in the
revolt, and not all of them were peasants: soldiers and tradesmen as
well as some disillusioned churchmen, including one Peasant leader known
as ‘the mad priest of Kent’, John Ball.
The consequences of the revolt were, therefore, limited,
---but the poll tax was abandoned,
---restrictions on labor wages were not
strictly enforced,
---and peasants continued the trend of buying their freedom from serfdom and becoming independent farmers."
WHE/HistoricUK
Jacquerie Peasants Revolt of 1358 [France]
"Jacquerie, insurrection of peasants against the nobility in northeastern France in 1358—so 
named from the nobles’ habit of referring contemptuously to any peasant as Jacques, or Jacques Bonhomme.....(in French bonhomme means "fellow").
The revolt occurred in the wake of the Black Death and during the
Hundred Years War, and it was closely connected to a rebellion in Paris
against the French crown.
The Jacquerie occurred at a critical moment of the Hundred Years’ War.
The Battle of Poitiers (September 1356), in which King John II
the Good was captured by the English.
It was
followed by an Anglo-French truce that resulted in the pillage of the
countryside by the “great companies” of mercenaries
from the English forces, sometimes abetted by the nobles.
The peasants
were further enraged by the nobles’ demands for heavier payments of dues
and by the order of the dauphin Charles (the future Charles V) that the
peasants refortify the castles of their aristocratic oppressors.
---May 21, 1358, an uprising began near Compiègne and spread quickly
throughout the 
countryside.
---The peasants destroyed numerous castles and
slaughtered their inhabitants. Under their captain general, Guillaume Cale, or Carle, they joined forces with Parisian rebels under Étienne Marcel.
---The Parisians were defeated at Meaux on June 9 by Gaston Phoebus of Foix and Jean III de Grailly.
---Charles II of Navarre routed Cale at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis on June 10. A massacre of the insurgents followed their defeat.
The Jacquerie traumatized the aristocracy. In 1872 Louis Raymond de
Vericour remarked to the Royal Historical Society, "To this very day the
word 'Jacquerie' does not generally give rise to any other idea than
that of a bloodthirsty, iniquitous, groundless revolt of a mass of
savages. Whenever, on the Continent, any agitation takes place, however
slight and legitimate it may be, among the humbler classes, innumerable
voices, in higher, privileged, wealthy classes, proclaim that society is
threatened with a Jacquerie"."
Britannica/ wiki
Scottish Attitude Towards French Assistance
Some began to murmur and say, “What devil has brought them
here? or who has sent for them? Cannot we carry on our wars with England
without their assistance? … Let them be told to return again, for we
are sufficiently numerous in Scotland to fight our own quarrels, and do
not want their company. …. If the English do burn our houses, what
consequence is it to us? We can rebuild them cheap enough,”.
Such
was the conversation of the Scots on the arrival of the French: they
did not esteem them, but hated them in their hearts, and abused them
with their tongues as much as they could."
Froissart
The War Spreads to Portugal
Forces commanded by King John I of Portugal with the support of English allies, opposed the army of King John I of Castile with its Aragonese and French allies
in central Portugal.
The result was a decisive victory for the
Portuguese, ruling out Castilian ambitions to the Portuguese throne,
ending the 1383–85 Crisis and assuring John as King of Portugal. The Treaty of Windsor (May 9, 1386), which became the cornerstone of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. This victory assured Portugal’s independence and made John a desirable ally."
wiki/Britannica
When a King went Mad
"When Charles VI had been twelve years on the throne, he marched to Brittany to punish a great noble who
had been doing very evil deeds. 
On his way, he and his followers were passing through a deep forest,
when a huge, wild-looking man, scarce half-clad, leapt from a thicket and seized the King's horse by
the bridle. "O King, go no farther," he
cried; "you are betrayed!" Then he bounded back into the thicket and was lost to sight.
For some time the King rode on, not speaking a word or glancing up. Then there was a sharp clash of
steel. It was but a trifling matter. The King's squires were riding behind him. The lance of one
happened by accident to strike against the helmet of another.
But the ringing sound seemed to
startle the King, and he trembled from head to foot. He took it for the first sound of assault. "I
am betrayed!" he screamed, and drove his horse furiously among his friends, and struck such fierce
blows with his sword that some were killed, while the rest fled in terror.
When the latter came
back, they found the King stretched on the ground in a deep sleep, as of one thoroughly worn out.
They watched beside him, but he awoke a madman, and so he remained for the rest of his life."
HeritageHistory
